Common Allergens for Testing
Learn about common allergens such as cat and dog allergens, dust mite allergens, and cockroach allergens. Find out how these allergens are spread and how to minimize exposure.
Cat and Dog Allergens
Pet allergens are among the most pervasive indoor allergens — sticky, airborne, and easily transferred between environments. They can persist at elevated levels in a home long after a pet has been removed, making testing the only reliable way to confirm their presence and concentration.
Dust Mite Allergens
Dust mites thrive in warm, moist environments like bedding, pillows, and carpets — feeding on human skin scales and producing allergen-rich fecal particles. Because exposure typically happens near the breathing zone, elevated dust mite allergen levels can be a significant concern even in clean, well-maintained homes.
Cockroach Allergens
Cockroach allergens are widely distributed in homes and schools and can be present at significant levels even without a visible infestation. Their sources include body parts, saliva, and feces — all of which break down into fine environmental dust that can trigger allergic reactions and asthma symptoms.
Cat and Dog Allergens
Cats and dogs are the most common animal cohabitants, present in more than 1/3 of homes in the United States. Those who touch cats and dogs or visit households with cats and dogs easily carry these allergens from home to home, office, school, etc. These pet allergens are carried on particles ranging from 1 um to 20 um in diameter and the smaller of these particles can remain airborne for long periods of time. Consequently, pet allergens are spread easily throughout a house even when pets are kept out of certain rooms.
Cat and dog allergens are also very sticky and can be found in high levels on walls and other surfaces within homes. Carpeting, bedding, and upholstered furniture can be reservoirs for deposited pet allergens. In most of the studies, a vast majority of homes have been found to contain pet allergens, even if pets are not present. This widespread distribution has been presumed to occur primarily through the passive transfer of these allergens from one environment to another.
The major cat and dog allergens are low molecular weight proteins found primarily in animal secretions. They are produced in the sebaceous, salivary, and anal glands. Touching the pet and subsequently transferring allergen from hand to nose is only one mode of contact. The most important route of exposure is by inhalation of airborne allergen. This allows deposition of large quantities of the allergen in both the upper and lower airways.
The aerodynamic characteristics and the potent nature of pet allergens make clean up efforts and minimization of allergens in a building very difficult. The best approach is to remove pets from the indoor environment, followed by extensive cleaning to remove residual allergen. Even after the most intensive cleaning, it can take up to 6 months before you begin to see the impact of allergen reduction.
Dust Mite Allergens
Dust mites are ubiquitous and are found in every household. Mites prefer warm, moist surroundings such as the inside of pillows or mattresses. The mites feed on human dander (skin scales) that accumulate in bedding and house dust. Dust mite allergens are proteins that come from the digestive tract of mites and are found in high levels in mite feces. The allergen containing fecal balls are relatively large (~10-20 um) and remain in the air for short periods. Most exposure occurs through disturbance of dust near the breathing zone.
Cockroach Allergens
Cockroaches are an important source of indoor allergens worldwide. Cockroach allergens are widely distributed in homes and schools and can be found in beds, furniture, and carpets, with the highest levels typically found in the kitchen. However, cockroach allergens may be more relevant in the bedroom than the kitchen or the living room because of close contact with the pillow while in bed.
About 20% of homes with no evidence of cockroach infestation have significant levels of cockroach allergen in settled dust. The level of cockroach allergen in school dust is of concern because it may constitute an occupational risk to students, teachers and other school workers. The sources of cockroach allergens include the gastrointestinal tract, saliva, feces and body parts of the cockroach. As cockroaches die in a dwelling, their decomposing body parts become part of the environmental dust. These sources contain cockroach allergens.
